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Frequently, a decision needs to be made whether or not to do something again. Here is a program that computes the number of digits needed to represent a number in base 10, just like the function digits() from the preceding lab. But instead of using recursion, it uses multiple if statements.
/* PURPOSE: Count number of digits needed to express an integer in base 10 using multiple if statements REMARKS: Compare to Ch.5 digits() */ #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int input; cout << "Input an integer between 1 and 9999: "; cin >> input; int temp = input; int d = 1; assert ( input >= 1 and input <= 9999 ); if (temp > 9) { temp = temp / 10; d++; } if (temp > 9) { temp = temp / 10; d++; } if (temp > 9) { temp = temp / 10; d++; } if (temp > 9) { temp = temp / 10; d++; } cout << input << " can be expressed in " << d << " digits" << "\n"; return 0; }
But having to write
if (temp > 9) { temp = temp / 10; d++; }
four times, even using copy/paste, is clearly repetitive! It also only works for input <= 9999. One would like to have a way of testing that the input is still greater than 1, and executing the succeeding control block if it is. Replacing if with while does it.
/* PURPOSE: Count number of digits needed to express an integer in base 10 using while loop */ #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int input; cout << "Input an integer: "; cin >> input; int d = 1; int temp = input; while (temp > 9) { temp = temp / 10; d++; } cout << input << " can be expressed in " << d << " digits" << "\n"; }
The fractions 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, ... get closer and closer to 0. Change the previous program to count the number of divisions by two needed to be within 0.0001 of zero.
Which values of nyear cause the following loops to terminate?
/* PURPOSE: Count number of year between a user-input year and the year 2000. */ int main() { int nyear; millennium = 2000; cout << "Please enter the current year"; cin >> nyear; while (nyear != millennium) { nyear++; } cout << " Another "<< millenium - nyear << "years to the millenium." << "\n"; return 0; }
Re-write the preceding program so that the while loop will terminate for any integer input.
A variable that counts the iterations of a loop is called a loop index. In the preceeding examples nyear serves as an index, counting the number of years to the millenium. This type of loop is frequently written using the for idiom.
for ( loop_index = start_value ; condition ; index_increment )
Write a program controlled by two for loops which produces the following listing of inclusive dates, from the 5th Century B.C. through the 5th Century A.D.
Century 5 BC 400-499 Century 4 BC 300-399 Century 3 BC 200-299 Century 2 BC 100-199 Century 1 BC 1-99 Century 1 AD 1-99 Century 2 AD 100-199 Century 3 AD 200-299 Century 4 AD 300-399 Century 5 AD 400-499
Write the same program with a single loop for( i = -5 ; i <= 5 ; i++ ) and an if in the body of the loop. /* paste program here */
One loop type might be better suited to a purpose than another. The following usages are idiomatic.
Convert to a do while loop
/* PURPOSE: Program to compute a running sum of user-input integers */ #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int sum = 0; int n = 1; while( n != 0 ) { cout << "Sum = " << sum << "\n"; cout << "Please enter a number, 0 to quit "; cin >> n; sum += n; cout << "Sum = " << sum << "\n"; } return 0; }
Is this an improvement? Why?
Convert the inner while loop to a for loop
/* PURPOSE: Program to compute the first integral power to which 2 can be raised that is greater than that multiple of a user-input integer. */ #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int i = 1; int n = 1; while(true) { cout << "Please enter a number, 0 to quit "; cin >> n; if (n == 0) return 0; i = 1; while ( n * n > pow(2,i)) { i++; } cout << "2 raised to " << i << " is the first power of two greater than " << n << " squared\n"; } }
Convert to a while loop:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int i; for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { cout << i << " squared equals " << i * i << "\n"; } return 0; }
Many word-processors can check spelling. One of the corrections applied is to swap 'e' for 'i' if 'i' occurs immediately before 'e' and immediately after 'c'. For example, concieve is corrected to conceive. Complete a function string i_before_e(string word) that carries out this correction. That is, your function should return the corrected string (or the original string if no correction needed to be applied.)
string i_before_e(string word) { string r = ""; for (i = 0 ; i < word.length() ; i++ ) { /* Your work goes here */ } return r; }
Write a test harness to test the preceding function by feeding it many inputs.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { bool done = false; while (not done) { /* Your work goes here */ } return 0; }
1) What is the output of each of the following loops?
2) In each example, leave the loop as it is and change the expression following cout << so that the program will display "1 2 3 4 5 ".
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { for ( i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++ ) { cout << i << " "; } cout << "\n"; return 0; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int decimals = 1; while (decimals < 100000) { cout << decimals << "\n"; decimals *= 10; } return 0; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int i = 5; do { cout << i << "\n" i--; } while( i > 0 ) return 0; }
Write a program to draw a top view of 24 beer cans, that is 24 circles, arranged in a 4 x 6 grid like this:
Don't forget to send your answers when you're finished.